Sms Banking

Manoj V, Bramhe/International Journal of Engineering and Technology Vol. 3 (6), 2011, 472-479 SMS BASED SECURE MOBILE BANKING Manoj V, Bramhe Department of Information Technology, RTM Nagpur college St. Vincent Pallotti College of Engg. Also, Technology, Nagpur, India [emailâ protected] com Abstract†M-banking has developed as one of the primary division of m-trade. Versatile financial administrations comprises of data request, warnings and cautions, applications and installment move. Portable based application is utilized for associating client handset with bank server for all such services.Current M-banking applications utilized by banks are confronting security challenges for installment move banks are utilizing secure installment passage and other safety efforts which builds cost and framework for bank however significant everyday financial applications are requests, warnings and cautions. The issue with current financial applications is that they send information straightfo rwardly to client in plain content structure trading off with security. We present SMS based secure portable financial which improves security with least cost.In this methodology bank shrouds client exchange information is secure SMS utilizing AES symmetric cryptographic calculation and send it client application upheld handset. Client application decodes information in secure way. Watchwords: M-banking, MD5, AES, MPIN I. Presentation M-banking framework is one which gives all every day banking tasks to client with a single tick of his portable handset with upheld application. M-banking framework can possibly give access or conveyance of quite certain and exceptionally essential data to client as given in [2].Growth in the M-Banking is driven by different offices like accommodation of banking tasks, more noteworthy reach to purchasers and Integration of other m-trade administrations with versatile banking. In M-banking there is no spot limitation, it is exceptionally infiltration co efficient as development of cell phones are more than PCs, it is completely customized and private expanding exchange genuineness and is 100% accessible all the time with clients. Notwithstanding, there are a few moves that should be routed to totally use the advantages of the M-Banking like handset similarity, security, versatility, reliability.Due to increment being used of portable handsets for some m-business applications, Chances of versatile hacking for budgetary advantages are vigorously expanded. As of now generally all banks in India and outside are sending text SMS straightforwardly to the client handset for fundamental bank administrations with no security which can be gotten to by any pernicious individual and can utilize this data for gaining admittance to client account. OTA (Over-the-air) versatile information can be hacked in arrange way from bank to client portable handset including MPIN, a secret phrase use for client recognizable proof in M-banking.Thus there is a need of secure and financially savvy arrangement which can be effectively given on a wide range of handsets. Our goal is to give savvy, secure, quick M-banking arrangement joining highlights of cryptography. In this paper we have introduced SMS based secure portable managing an account with least cost utilizing cryptography. II. M-BANKING CHANNELS M-banking can be executed utilizing different channels like SMS, USSD, GPRS, WAP; Phone based Application, SIM Application. These channels are utilized independently or consolidated for different financial tasks ISSN : 0975-4024 Dec 2011-Jan 2012 472Manoj V, Bramhe/International Journal of Engineering and Technology Vol. 3 (6), 2011, 472-479 A. Short Message Service (SMS) SMS is the least complex type of portable banking. It is generally utilized for data based administrations. SMS has the most extreme reach among customers since all the cell phones bolster SMS. Short messages are put away and sent by SMS focuses. These messages have some security issues. B. Unstructured Supplementary Services Delivery (USSD) USSD is an innovation one of a kind to GSM. It is a capacity incorporated with the GSM standard for help of transmitting data over the flagging channels of the GSM network.USSD gives meeting based correspondence. Turnaround reaction times for intuitive applications are shorter for USSD than SMS. In USSD, the communication is as a persistent meeting rather than SMS. USSD is accessible on all handsets. C. Remote Application Protocol (WAP)/General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) GPRS is a parcel exchanged information administration accessible to GSM clients. GPRS empowers administrations, for example, WAP get to, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), and Internet correspondence administrations, for example, email and World Wide Web access in cell phones. . WAP is remote application convention utilized over GPRS. It is like Internet banking.The consumer’s handset should be WAP empowered. WAP banking is available t o comparative dangers as Internet banking. D. Telephone based Application Phone based applications are created in different dialects like J2ME, . NET having points of interest that it can utilize GPRS, USSD or SMS, MMS to convey the buyer information/guidance in a scrambled organization and it is administrator free. These are secure application which lives on upheld handset. E. SIM Application Tool Kit The SIM Application Toolkit considers the specialist co-op or bank to house the consumer’s portable financial menu inside the SIM card. STK is the most secure technique for portable banking.It permits the bank to stack its own encryption keys onto the SIM card with the bank’s own created application. III. CURRENT M-BANKING Even however different channels are accessible for M-banking the vast majority of the banks utilizes SMS as fundamental and modest channel for essential financial tasks. As of now all banks in India like ICICI, HSBC, SBI and so forth are not utilizing any encryption methods in SMS based M-banking framework. They are utilizing basic content based SMS for client questions in which they legitimately send account data to client just concealing a few digits of record number which can be handily hacked by any programmer or seen by anybody from message inbox.Even however a few banks do give some other channel like GPRS and WAP yet cost of usage is more and these offices are not accessible on a wide range of portable handset consequently there is a need of secure and savvy arrangement which can be effectively given on a wide range of handsets. A. Issues in M-banking 1) Lack of Standards: The absence of norms offers ascend to parcel of nearby and divided variants of m-installments offered by various partners. Gauges need to address security and protection worries of clients just as interoperability between different executions. ) Device imperatives: There are specialized issues identified with the cell phones . The cell phones experiences different compels like less handling force and memory, data transfer capacity, short battery life , visit separations, minuscule screens, poor goals and security issues. 3) Security Issues: Securing m-Commerce is significantly more troublesome than wired exchange. Gadget requirements bring up the issues concerning whether there will be sufficient security for clients without trading off the convenience and speed.Current constant M-banking use of different banks utilizes plain instant messages with no security calculation for sending information subsequently any malignant client can get to client significant information on portable and utilized it for noxious reason in this manner direct sending of information isn't suggestible for M-banking. SMS are inclined to parodying and there are issues identified with SMS encryption. Anyway innovation makers are creating improved security for applications with verification and encryption advances and numerous cases that the ISSN : 0975-4024De c 2011-Jan 2012 473 Manoj V, Bramhe/International Journal of Engineering and Technology Vol. 3 (6), 2011, 472-479 exchange utilizing cell phone is completely secure. There are numerous strategies for secure M-banking tasks yet significant research work has been done on Cryptography and steganography procedures. Cryptography is a procedure of changing over plaintext information into figure text utilizing cryptographic calculations. They safeguard fundamental security necessities like validation, classification, respectability and non-disavowal. B. Essentials of Short Message ServiceShort Message Service (SMS) is the capacity to send and get instant messages to and from cell phones. SMS was propelled as a piece of GSM1 standard. Each short message is up to 160 characters long. The 160 characters can contain words, numbers, or accentuation images. Short Message Service is a store and forward assistance; this implies messages are not sent legitimately to the beneficiary yet by means of a system SMS Center. SMS involves two fundamental point-to-point benefits as Mobile-started short message (MO-SM) and Mobile-ended short message (MT-SM).Mobile-began short messages are moved from MOcapable handset to SMSC though Mobile-ended short messages are shipped from SMSC to the handsets. The figure no. 1 shows an ordinary association of system components in a GSM organize supporting SMS. Fig. 1. Essential model of SMS based M-banking The advantages of SMS to endorsers are accommodation, adaptability, and consistent reconciliation of informing administrations and information get to, conveyance of notices and alarms, ensured message convey, solid, minimal effort correspondence instrument, expanded supporter profitability, conveyance of messages to ultiple endorsers one after another. The SMSC (Short Message Service Center) is the substance which carries out the responsibility of store and forward of messages to and from the versatile station. The SME (Short Message Entity), whi ch is ordinarily a cell phone or a GSM modem, can be situated in the fixed system or a portable station, gets or sends SMS. The SMSC normally makes some configurable memories limit for to what extent it will store the message. SMS Gateway SMS Gateway is an interface between programming applications versatile networks.An SMS Gateway permits interfacing programming applications to send as well as get SMS messages over

I Believe In Jesus Christ Religion Essay

I Believe In Jesus Christ Religion Essay Ervin Drake, Irvin Graham, Jimmy Shirl and Al Stillman composed this tune in 1953 and Frankie Laine sang the most mainstream variant of it. Jane Froman authorized the tune was charged for her mid 1950s TV program, turning into the main hit tune at any point presented on TV. Grieved by the flare-up of the Korean War in 1952 so not long after World War II, Froman welcomed the four men to make a tune which would offer expectation and confidence to the individuals. Throughout the years the tune composed for Americans turned into an overall accomplishment with Frankie Laine singing the most famous version.â [1]â Similarly as Jane Froman who endured interminable torment and wore a leg support for the vast majority of her life in the wake of enduring a plane accident in February, 1943 while she was visiting armed force camps in war torn Europe, appointed this tune to lift the spirits of individuals dreading the Korean War would become World War III, so did the Christian Church create well known explanations of confidence to continue its individuals even with sin. Each, affirmation in The Creed was an early Church endeavor to explain the Churchs convictions and religious philosophy. ADOPTIONISM Ruler and Christ The Man Jesus KENOTICISM Divine Pre-presence Lord and Christ The Man Jesus DOCETISM The everlasting Lord Human appearance The Church took a huge number of years to build up the convictions and religious philosophy which you and I underestimate. During the initial 400-500 years the Churchs scholars and the individuals who revoked them discussed and talked about the idea of Jesus Christ: Was He human? Is it accurate to say that he was divine? Would He be able to be both heavenly and human simultaneously? The Church additionally tussled disputably with non-adherents about the killed Christ. On the off chance that Jesus was divine, how might He endure on the Cross? Wouldnt He simply make an insincere effort of kicking the bucket without really encountering human agony? The individuals who said this was the situation, denied Jesus mankind, yet additionally denied His human birth to Mary, His mom and denied His human passing and plummet into hellfire. Christians needed to ponder such issues. They must be much progressively cautious about how they expressed their convictions: on one hand so they would obviously portray Gods disclosure and on another hand shock every single wrong decree and lessons. SLIDE FOUR To state I have faith in God, the Father Almighty, The Maker of paradise and earth was to adjust Christian convictions and religious philosophy to Judaism from which Christianity had developed. It was likewise to separate Christianity from Greek and Roman religions and all different strict practices and declarations by which enthusiasts venerated numerous divine beings. To state I trust in Jesus Christ, His lone Son, our Lord who was brought about by the Holy Spirit and conceived of the Virgin Mary was to separate Christianity from Judaism and, in the seventh century, from Islam. Christians duty and dedication to Jesus Christ separates each Christian from every other person on the planet, since Christians focus on and revere just God whom you know through Jesus Christ. The name Jesus originates from the Aramaic name Yeshua (Joshua), from Hebrew Yah-shua, which means God spares which was a well known name of the time. [2] The name focuses to Him being a verifiable individual and not a fabrication of someones wild creative mind. Jesus is frequently called Jesus Christ or Christ with Christ being the English expression for the Greek Þ㠏⠁ãžâ ¹Ã£ Ã¦'㠏„㠏å'㠏‚ meaning the blessed one. It is an interpretation of the Hebrew Ãâ€"Ã… ¾Ã£â€" ¸Ã£â€" ©Ã£â€"Â'ãâ€" Ã£â€"â„ ¢Ã£â€" - Ãâ€" · (Mã„⠁ã…  ¡Ã£ ®a㠡⠸â ¥), for the most part transliterated into English as Messiah. [3] Use of this title awards Jesus a particular spot ever. At the point when you announce that you have faith in Jesus Christ your Lord, you are seeing Him in His job according to your own profound needs. Just through Jesus Christ would you be able to plan to know God, so He beats your obliviousness of God. Just through Jesus Christ would you be able to want to be connected with God, demolishing your offense from God. Just through Jesus Christ would you be able to get the direction and insurance you have to live as adherents who know God and are accommodated to Him. SLIDE FIVE At the point when John composed of such things, he considered Jesus Christ the Word of God (John 1.1-4). He accepted that any individual who read his Gospel would have in any event a working information on the Old Testament and of Judaism inside the two of which the Messiah is alluded to as the Word. John expected that his perusers would realize that Jesus, as the Word, was dynamic and amazing in Creation (Genesis 1), in redemption of Gods individuals (Isaiah 42.1-9; 49.1-7; 52.13-53.12) and judgment of people groups conduct and conviction (Psalm 96.13). SLIDE SIX Remarks, for example, those John made in the initial not many sections of his Gospel (John 1.1-4) supported the stand the Church took against apostasy. SLIDE SEVEN First and foremost was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was in the first place with God. All things appeared through Him and without Him not one thing appeared. What has appeared in Him was life and the life was the light surprisingly. (John 1.1-4 NRSV) At the point when John began his Gospel with these words, he showed his conviction that Jesus was interminable, offering time everlasting to God His Father, in light of the fact that to start with was the Word: i.e., Jesus existed before the formation of the world and humankind. John likewise gave the Church a religious establishment whereupon it could set up presentations, for example, The Apostles Creed. In the manner people measure Time, Jesus was first and foremost with God and, on the grounds that He became alive once again crushing demise, He has no closure. Truly! Jesus lived as a man inside Time for around thirty-three years, however Time didn't tie Him. He dislike God, since He was God really, is God. Where God is, Jesus is. With these words John countered the shocking case that God the Father and Jesus the Son were two unmistakable substances two particular separate creatures. SLIDE EIGHT John likewise expressed his conviction that Jesus took an interest in the Creation of the world and Mankind, since nothing was made without Him being the Creator: All things appeared through Him and without Him not one thing appeared (John 1.3; Hebrews 1.10). Additionally, What has appeared in Him was life and the life was the light surprisingly (John 1.4). Jesus took an interest in Creation, yet in addition in offering life to individuals. Jesus didn't simply make, yet in addition keeps on giving, with the goal that life can continue endlessly. SLIDE NINE End Despite the fact that the Church distributed the primary known appearance of The Apostles Creed around 710-714AD [4] , Christians of most influences have utilized it more than once to attest their confidence and to give them a reason for additional philosophical reasoning. In todays western culture in which Christianity is progressively minimized and in which aloofness and an absence of compassion towards Christianity is spreading obliges all Christians to act transparently as adherents and to pronounce their convictions all the more intensely utilizing The Apostles Creed. You are urged to explain your convictions for yourself as well as other people and support your Christian conduct. I:sermons 2010Christian Year 2010Pentecost 17 Area Raymond Terrace 19-09-2010 Sacred writing John 1.1-18 Hebrews 12.1-4 Sources Bettenson, H. Archives of the Christian Church (OUP) Oxford 1993 repr. 23-24 Whinny, G. Statements of faith, Councils and Christ (IVP) Leicester 1984 98-104, 212-214 Leith, J.H. Statements of faith of the Churches (John Knox Press) Louisville 1982 22-24 Milne, B. The Message of John (IVP) 1993 31-50 Packer, J.I. Attesting the Apostles Creed (Crossway) Wheaton 2008 24-36 Sacred writings Settle Aland Greek-English New Testament (Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft) Stuttgart 1971 26th Edition Thomson Chain Reference Bible NIV (B.B.Kirkbridge Zondervan Company) New York Vocabulary Perschbacher, W.J. (ed.,) The New Analytical Greek Lexicon (Hendrickson) Peabody 2006 repr.

6 Essay Collections to Look For This Fall

6 Essay Collections to Look For This Fall This is a guest post from Alicia Kort. Alicia is a writer and editor based in New York City. Her writing has appeared in Newsweek, Paste, and Brooklyn Magazine. Follow her on Twitter  @aliciairenekort. With the summer humidity finally disappearing and back-to-school around the corner, it’s time to prepare your crisp fall must-read list. Here are stand-out essay collections that will be released in August, September and October. The wonderful thing about essay collections is that they’re one of the loosest forms of published writing. With the wide variety of authors, including a comedian and a late neurologist, you’ll laugh, cry and, perhaps, think about the world differently than you did before. Draft No. 4: On the Writing Process by  John McPhee The masterful New Yorker writer, author, and Princeton University professor has finally decided to write a guide to penning long-form nonfiction. But this isn’t like your school textbooksâ€"McPhee critiques his own essays while providing advice and sprinkling in a reflection on his own life as a writer. Draft 4 is on shelves on September 6. The Origin of Others by Toni Morrison Toni Morrison steps away from the novel to examine the concept of “others” and why the world creates an us vs. them society in this nonfiction collection of essays. The Origin of Others is drawn from her lectures at Harvard University, and the iconic writer contemplates race, globalization, slavery, and identity by analyzing works of literature and history. This book hits stores on September 17. We Were Eight Years in Power: An American Tragedy by Ta-Nehisi Coates The celebrated The Atlantic journalist and writer of the best-selling book Between the World and Me is back with a book full of “urgently relevant essays,” according to Kirkus Review. Including several of his Atlantic essays like “Fear of a Black President,” We Were Eight Years in Power examines each year of Obama’s presidency, culminating in Coates’ reaction to the subsequent election. This book is available starting October 3. The Letters of Sylvia Plath, Vol. 1: 1940â€"1956  by Sylvia Plath Touting never-before-seen correspondence between the beloved writer and 120 people, this collection promises to shed some more light on Plath’s life, including her relationship with Ted Hughes. The Letters of Sylvia Plath begins while she’s attending Smith College and ends shortly after she weds Hughes. The book is out October 17. Vacationland  by John Hodgman In his first book in 10 years, comedian John Hodgman revisits vacation locations on the Northeast where’s he has vacationed over his 40-something years. A former Daily Show writer, Hodgman reflects on becoming middle-aged and the crises associated with it. Vacationland comes out October 24. The River of Consciousness  by Oliver Sacks Before the late neurologist passed away, his colleagues assembled previously published essays that exemplified Sacks’ many interests. Sacks passed away in 2015 and was working on this book. He wanted to explore what made us human. The neurologist was known for nonfictions books, such as Awakenings, and memoirs, such as On the Move. This book will hit shelves on October 24. What are your favorite essay collections?   Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Forth vs. Fourth How to Choose the Right Word

The words forth and fourth are homophones: They are pronounced the same but are spelled differently and have different meanings and etymologies, although both have Old English roots. How to Use Forth The adverb forth means moving forward in time, place, or order. It also means simply to the forefront when paired with verbs such as bring, come, and put. The expression and so forth is equivalent to and more of the same or etc., whereas to hold forth means to go on talking for a long time, and to set forth means to give a detailed written or oral account of something. The Forth is also the name of a river in south-central Scotland. How to Use Fourth The adjective fourth refers to the ordinal number corresponding to four and situated between third and fifth For example, hes fourth in line at the bakery. In baseball, batting fourth refers to the cleanup hitter, typically the best batter on the team whos most likely to hit a home run and bring any players who are on first, second, or third base home. A fourth is also a musical interval, and a fourth gear is usually found in automatic and standard transmissions. The noun fourth refers to the fourth day of any month. July 4, Independence Day in the United States, is often referred to as the Fourth. Fourth can also refer to a fraction, as in one-quarter, or the last person of four to join a card game. Examples The following examples show some of the uses of forth: Sofia loved to hold forth (talk at length) about European history whenever she got the chance.The expectant father paced back and forth (backward and forward) in the waiting room.The third speaker was Eleanor, who set forth (expressed) her ideas on addressing the towns budget woes.Michael began to talk about his past in detail, including his childhood, teenage years, young adulthood, and so forth (and the rest). Fourth is used as an adjective, adverb,  or noun in these examples: Jakes fourth grade  (grade 4) class was assigned to draw something interesting that may be found inside the home.At the game, Steve was the cleanup hitter, batting fourth (batter No. 4) in the top of the ninth inning with runners on first and third.At the last minute, Susan arrived to make a fourth (player No. 4) at bridge.Will you be watching fireworks on the Fourth (July 4)?We split the cost of dinner, with each of us paying a fourth (25 percent) of the tab. How to Remember the Difference The simplest way to remember the difference between forth and fourth is that forth means forward and theres no u in forward, whereas fourth is always associated with the number 4. Sources â€Å"Forth | Definition of Forth in English by Oxford Dictionaries.†Ã‚  Oxford Dictionaries | English, Oxford Dictionaries, en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/forth.â€Å"Fourth.†Ã‚  American Heritage Dictionary Entry: Fourth, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?qfourth.

The Concentration Of Poverty And Poverty - 1115 Words

Some problems associated with living in a neighborhood with a high percentage of the population living in poverty include increased crime rates, poor education, health problems and psychological distress. The concentration of people in high poverty neighborhoods magnifies the problems faced by the poor. This is because it leads to the concentration of the ills associated with poverty. Children in these neighborhood do not only lack basic needs but are also exposed to an hostile environment that holds numerous temptations and does not provide positive motivation (McConville Ong, 2003). In addition, because schools are distributed geographically, children from high poverty neighborhoods attend the same schools and this result in low performance. This concentration also intensify the shift of the middle and higher income families away from these neighborhoods thus creating a gap between social needs and the financial base necessary to address these issues. The concentration of poverty is important because it has an impact on the distribution of income which might undermines the social fabric and may restrict opportunities for others (Jargowsky, 2003). There are arguments that individuals may benefit from living in poor neighborhoods. This is because they are able to share coping strategies as well as well as benefit from geographically based networks that provide support to people living in poor neighborhoods. The coping strategies employed include reducing expenses,Show MoreRelatedWelfare Policy845 Words   |  4 PagesDescription According to the US Census Bureau, about 274,000 people, or 10 percent of the population in Chicago, Illinois are living in deep poverty (Emmanuel, 2015). Despite its high poverty rates, welfare in Chicago has always been small by any measure. At its peak in the 1990s, only 5 million families received assistance, averaging less than $400 a family (Piven, 2002). Frances Fox Piven believes that â€Å"changes in welfare were related to shifts that were occurring in a range of American socialRead MoreThe Structural Theory Of Poverty1031 Words   |  5 Pagespowerhouse. However, poverty is still a prevalent and pervasive social problem (Arneson, 2007). This paper will discuss the sociological concepts and theories surrounding this pertinent issue. In addition, it will point out the value of sociological research into this social ill. Lastly, it will present evidence to support the hypothesis that poverty is a structural failure. In contrast to the school of thought supported by a number of sociologists that claims that poverty is a personal failureRead MoreThe Problems of Poverty in Developing Countries Essay749 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction When we talk about poverty, we always relate poverty to poor living conditions or low standard of living. Poverty is an issue that happens all over the world, especially developing countries. We know about poverty issues by reading newspaper and watching television. In general, poverty is known as lack of money, food and shelter. But the perception of different people towards poverty differently. Malaysia, as a developing country, poverty is an unavoidable problem. Poverty is increasing when theRead MorePoverty Of Poverty And Children1276 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica, poverty and children is an ongoing issue and is happening today more than ever. Poverty is affecting our children today by creating learning problems during school for them, it is also creating more health issues for children. Not only is poverty creating direct problems currently but it is also creating problems for the future by creating a poverty cycle. There are many reasons why a child would be in poverty, but the re are also many solutions to fix child poverty. Child poverty is a macroeconomicsRead MoreRacial Segregation Within The United States780 Words   |  4 Pagescontemporary debate regarding the distinctive patterns of poverty among African Americans revolves around the question, â€Å"is it class or race that causes (and perpetuates) such misfortune of African Americans?† Scholars have looked at patterns of residential segregation in their attempts to answer such a question. Massey and Denton explore racial residential segregation in the United States throughout the 20th century. They argue that the making and concentration of the (African American) underclass in innerRead MoreIncreasing Poverty Among African Americans957 Words   |  4 PagesIn his discussion on poverty among African Americans, William Wilson has identified several historical factors that have contributed to the increase in poverty levels in the recent years. Such factors included, first, shift in the Ameri can economy from industrial to informational economy, thus limited the labor poll to only highly specialized individuals; second, the historical flow of migrants, and what it bring with it from competition over limited amount of resources; third, change in the urbanRead MoreThe, Land Of Opportunities By James Truslow Adams1553 Words   |  7 Pagesliving in poverty without the necessary resources to put their abilities to use. It is even more difficult for a child in poverty to gain access to these resources, let alone express their abilities and talents with them. Poverty in America affects children under the age of 18 academically, mentally, and physically, in addition to how well they may do in the future in regards to their education and career aspects. The word â€Å"poverty† is an abstract noun. This being said, everyone views poverty differentlyRead MoreUrban Poverty And The Urban Underclass Essay939 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to Curley (2005), urban poverty has been a huge issue for hundreds of years. The people living in inner-city neighborhoods were the primary target for poverty. It had a tremendous effect on the black population; it increased by 164 percent in ten years alone. Finding a job became hardly impossible. Therefore, neighborhoods began to segregate, leaving the disadvantaged poor behind. The neighborhoods relied on welfare to make ends meets. This resulted in an increase in crime rates (pRead MoreDefinition Of Migration Of International Migration1246 Words   |  5 Pagesincrease of Bangladeshi migrants to Asian countries. A positive link between migration and poverty is triggered through the inflow and use of remittances received by the respective households. Estimates suggest that â€Å"a 10 percent increase in the share of remittances in a country’s GDP lead to a reduction of 1.6 percent of people living in poverty† (Adams and Page, 2005). Similarly â€Å"poverty head count and poverty gap indices would decline by 0.77 and 0.53 respectively with 10 percent increase in internationalRead MoreThe Discrimination Of The United States950 Words   |  4 Pagesfailure to begin with, especially when you add in poverty and poor living conditions. The school system, for example, is full of fail when it comes to giving equal education opportunities to minorities. Schools in neighborhoods with high poverty rates are shown to have lower test scores and graduation rates. Minority students don t only get less experienced teachers, they also get less effective ones. Students in schools with a high co ncentration of minorities are more than twice as likely to have

Anthro fieldnotes Free Essays

Define and give a bit of its significance, such what these people/things/practices/ rules are and do in the book (go to other side of page or a new one if necessary): Text never A shaman who was believed to have the ability to enter a trance and negotiate for his patient’s health. Was mainly used by Hong people who couldn’t conceive children. Dab a malevolent spirit that was detaining a child birth. We will write a custom essay sample on Anthro fieldnotes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Huh plug soul calling, which In Laos was always the third day after child birth. Are aqua dab peg and epilepsy the same thing? Write how you think each one Is the same or different. They are basically the same thing because they both refer to an illness. Quad dab peg means the spirit catches you and you fall down. (Chapter 4) What were some of the refugees’ conceptions of Western doctors and the health care system? Why were taxi enables better than doctors? They thought the Western doctors would chop them up and eat them or sell them as food. Taxi enables ere better than doctors because they would go to the patient’s homes instead of making them go to the hospital. They also came up with diagnostics rather quickly. Fading finds it significant? Why use it to talk about Hong history? What histories do we learn about in this brief chapter? Fading finds it interesting because you can’t catch a fish without a pole, and for a pole you need a hook, and for the hook you need to know what kind of fish you are catching and so on. In the short histories you learn about the violent past of the Hong people and what happened in China. How did you feel when the court ordered Lila Lee to be taken away from her parents (p. 59)? Do you believe it was the right decision? Was any other solution possible in the situation? I believe it was unfair because they were only doing in what they believed in. They believed in their traditional ways and not our traditional ways. I don’t blame them for not trusting the Western Ways. How to cite Anthro fieldnotes, Papers

Language in the Study of History

Table of Contents Introduction Importance of Language in History Reason and Language Conclusion Works Cited Introduction History is an academic discipline which basically aims at giving a critical analysis of various events that occurred or are currently taking place.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Language in the Study of History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There has been a notion that history is simply based on rumors and that it relies on story telling. This notion is very wrong because historical knowledge is based on accurate evidence which can be used to prove that something happened due to a particular reason. For example we can always give reasons to justify the causes of war in our societies. â€Å"History can be divided into socio- economic and political categories† (Stumpf 67). Apart from this type of classification, we also have philosophy of history â€Å"which is the theory aspect of the discipline of academic history, and deals with questions such as the nature of historical evidence, the degree to which objectivity is possible† (MacMillan 34). The philosophical aspect of history gives it some authenticity and it also enables us to critically understand its nature. â€Å"For example, we can compare and contrast history and other disciplines through the study of its philosophy† (Dupre 98). Philosophy of history encompasses several elements which governs its analysis. For example it deals with reason and language as some of its elements. It is therefore imperative to critically analyze the importance of language and reason in history. Language can be defined as â€Å"a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols† (Neustadt 89). There are disparities in the characteristics that govern the use of various languages. Reason can be defined â€Å"as an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon† (Neustad t 91). Since history is majorly preoccupied with explaining when events occurred and why they occurred, I therefore contend that both reason and language are important in history. Importance of Language in History Language is a very unique development among human beings and it has had much influence on the life of mankind as a whole. â€Å"For example it has affected the nature of learning various academic disciplines in various institutions† (Dupre 138). There are so many languages in the world today and the popularity of a particular language depends on the number of people that speak it. The importance of language in history can therefore be described as follows. â€Å"The history of a given community can be learned through the study of their language† (Gottlieb 215).Advertising Looking for essay on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance a linguist who may wish to learn particular aspects of a given society may rely on their language. In this case the linguist can study some words which describe a given phenomena. For example words that describe places may help the linguist to examine the migration patterns of a particular community (Gottlieb 230). In addition to these, the study of words that describe political activities can reveal how a particular community was governed. Language also enables us to articulate our attitudes, feelings, ideas, interpretations, and facts about a given phenomena. For example, one can give his opinions about political structures and developments in his society. This can influence the historical rationalization of such developments. Language also has an effect on our perception, and emotions about events that take place in our society. For example, the manner in which a person describes a given historical event will definitely affect our feelings about them. he description of the Nazi dream that Germany had may make a person to have a low opinion about Hitler. Nonetheless, if a person justifies Hitler’s actions then people will perceive him positively. Language has always ensured the continuity of history from one generation to the other. For example, oral tradition has been extensively used in the study of several events that took place in the past and it mainly depends on myths and legends of a particular society. These stories are often transmitted through the spoken word and they have very rich historical information. Language also influences history in the sense that it determines the actions to be taken. For example, the recent revolution that we had in Egypt was perhaps successful because people used language to influence each other to demonstrate against the government. The use of language in this context influenced people’s actions which culminated to a historical event (Stumpf 890). Even though language has facilitated the development of historical knowledge and facts, it has also negatively a ffected the validity of history. For example, the modification of historical information in the process of translating it may lead to the distortion of the facts we have in history. Most of the historians today extensively depend on secondary sources as their major references, hence the information they get may not be authentic. This is because the people who developed the secondary sources may have added their own opinions to the original ideas. Apart from these, oral evidence also depends on the capacity of the informant to remember what happened. They might therefore give an incomplete account of an event simply because they can not recall every thing that occurred. Importance of Reason in HistoryAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Language in the Study of History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reason is another fundamental aspect of philosophy of history and its importance in history can be discussed as follo ws. †Reason is a mental faculty or ability found in humans that is able to generate non intuitive conclusions from assumptions or premises† (Dupre 120). â€Å"Our daily experiences affect the nature of our reasoning hence people reason differently in various parts of the world† (Gottlieb 290). This eventually leads to various actions which may cause historical events. For example, capitalism and its development has been linked with colonialism, hence through its study we get to understand why Africa and other European countries were colonized. It is through reason that historians understand causes and effects of a person’s or a community’s actions. The understanding of causes can therefore enable people to remodel their actions hence they can avoid mistakes in future. For example, when we examine the reasons why the people of Tunisia revolted we get to understand their experiences. Other countries can also use those ideas to correct their political i nstitutions. For example, the Egyptians also revolted because of what they observed in Tunisia and Yemen. Criticism is one aspect of reason and through it we can question the validity of historical information. â€Å"This would make us understand why something happened in a given manner† (MacMillan 157). Last but more importantly, events cannot just happen without reasons and this point summarizes the importance of involving reason in this domain. For example Iraq did not just attack Kuwait for the sake of it, but they had reasons for their actions. â€Å"Reason is also an important factor in history because through a certain type of reasoning a historian creates a historical record of a certain event in a certain way† (MacMillan 160). Reason has been criticized to some extend by some people who think that it has no role in history. â€Å"These people question whether we can be confident that reason can achieve knowledge of truth better than other ways of trying to ac hieve such knowledge† (Gottlieb 235). They also doubt whether it is important to have our lives governed by reasons instead of other factors which may even enable us to have a better life. Reason and Language The similarity between language and reason is that they both influence the actions taken by human beings hence they both influence historical events. For example the manner in which you describe a historical event to somebody will actually influence his perception hence he will have reasons for acting in a given way. Conclusion The above discussion reveals the importance of language and reason in the study of history and we can therefore treat them as very critical elements of history. Language should therefore be used to enhance the study of history and historians should be very careful in their choice of words when giving explanations of historical occurrences.Advertising Looking for essay on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This would enable them to maintain authenticity in this study. This is because language is the key tool used in the study of history and if it is abused then we shall have rumors instead of history. Reason is also very important in historical analysis because it is through it that we get to understand the true nature of history. History can therefore not survive without language and reason. Works Cited Dupre, Ben. Philosophy ideas you really need to know. Ohio: Book Sales, 2009. Gottlieb, Athony. The dream of reason: a history of philosophy from the Greeks to the renaissance. New York: Norton Company, 2001. MacMillan, Margaret. Dangerous games: the uses and abuses of history. New York: Modern Library, 2009. Neustadt, Richard. Thinking in time: the uses of history for decision- makers. New York: Free Press, 1988. Stumpf, Enock. Philosophy: history and problems. Washington. D.C: McGrow-Hill, 2007. This essay on Language in the Study of History was written and submitted by user RandallFlagg to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.