Sms Banking

Manoj V, Bramhe/International Journal of Engineering and Technology Vol. 3 (6), 2011, 472-479 SMS BASED SECURE MOBILE BANKING Manoj V, Bramhe Department of Information Technology, RTM Nagpur college St. Vincent Pallotti College of Engg. Also, Technology, Nagpur, India [emailâ protected] com Abstract†M-banking has developed as one of the primary division of m-trade. Versatile financial administrations comprises of data request, warnings and cautions, applications and installment move. Portable based application is utilized for associating client handset with bank server for all such services.Current M-banking applications utilized by banks are confronting security challenges for installment move banks are utilizing secure installment passage and other safety efforts which builds cost and framework for bank however significant everyday financial applications are requests, warnings and cautions. The issue with current financial applications is that they send information straightfo rwardly to client in plain content structure trading off with security. We present SMS based secure portable financial which improves security with least cost.In this methodology bank shrouds client exchange information is secure SMS utilizing AES symmetric cryptographic calculation and send it client application upheld handset. Client application decodes information in secure way. Watchwords: M-banking, MD5, AES, MPIN I. Presentation M-banking framework is one which gives all every day banking tasks to client with a single tick of his portable handset with upheld application. M-banking framework can possibly give access or conveyance of quite certain and exceptionally essential data to client as given in [2].Growth in the M-Banking is driven by different offices like accommodation of banking tasks, more noteworthy reach to purchasers and Integration of other m-trade administrations with versatile banking. In M-banking there is no spot limitation, it is exceptionally infiltration co efficient as development of cell phones are more than PCs, it is completely customized and private expanding exchange genuineness and is 100% accessible all the time with clients. Notwithstanding, there are a few moves that should be routed to totally use the advantages of the M-Banking like handset similarity, security, versatility, reliability.Due to increment being used of portable handsets for some m-business applications, Chances of versatile hacking for budgetary advantages are vigorously expanded. As of now generally all banks in India and outside are sending text SMS straightforwardly to the client handset for fundamental bank administrations with no security which can be gotten to by any pernicious individual and can utilize this data for gaining admittance to client account. OTA (Over-the-air) versatile information can be hacked in arrange way from bank to client portable handset including MPIN, a secret phrase use for client recognizable proof in M-banking.Thus there is a need of secure and financially savvy arrangement which can be effectively given on a wide range of handsets. Our goal is to give savvy, secure, quick M-banking arrangement joining highlights of cryptography. In this paper we have introduced SMS based secure portable managing an account with least cost utilizing cryptography. II. M-BANKING CHANNELS M-banking can be executed utilizing different channels like SMS, USSD, GPRS, WAP; Phone based Application, SIM Application. These channels are utilized independently or consolidated for different financial tasks ISSN : 0975-4024 Dec 2011-Jan 2012 472Manoj V, Bramhe/International Journal of Engineering and Technology Vol. 3 (6), 2011, 472-479 A. Short Message Service (SMS) SMS is the least complex type of portable banking. It is generally utilized for data based administrations. SMS has the most extreme reach among customers since all the cell phones bolster SMS. Short messages are put away and sent by SMS focuses. These messages have some security issues. B. Unstructured Supplementary Services Delivery (USSD) USSD is an innovation one of a kind to GSM. It is a capacity incorporated with the GSM standard for help of transmitting data over the flagging channels of the GSM network.USSD gives meeting based correspondence. Turnaround reaction times for intuitive applications are shorter for USSD than SMS. In USSD, the communication is as a persistent meeting rather than SMS. USSD is accessible on all handsets. C. Remote Application Protocol (WAP)/General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) GPRS is a parcel exchanged information administration accessible to GSM clients. GPRS empowers administrations, for example, WAP get to, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), and Internet correspondence administrations, for example, email and World Wide Web access in cell phones. . WAP is remote application convention utilized over GPRS. It is like Internet banking.The consumer’s handset should be WAP empowered. WAP banking is available t o comparative dangers as Internet banking. D. Telephone based Application Phone based applications are created in different dialects like J2ME, . NET having points of interest that it can utilize GPRS, USSD or SMS, MMS to convey the buyer information/guidance in a scrambled organization and it is administrator free. These are secure application which lives on upheld handset. E. SIM Application Tool Kit The SIM Application Toolkit considers the specialist co-op or bank to house the consumer’s portable financial menu inside the SIM card. STK is the most secure technique for portable banking.It permits the bank to stack its own encryption keys onto the SIM card with the bank’s own created application. III. CURRENT M-BANKING Even however different channels are accessible for M-banking the vast majority of the banks utilizes SMS as fundamental and modest channel for essential financial tasks. As of now all banks in India like ICICI, HSBC, SBI and so forth are not utilizing any encryption methods in SMS based M-banking framework. They are utilizing basic content based SMS for client questions in which they legitimately send account data to client just concealing a few digits of record number which can be handily hacked by any programmer or seen by anybody from message inbox.Even however a few banks do give some other channel like GPRS and WAP yet cost of usage is more and these offices are not accessible on a wide range of portable handset consequently there is a need of secure and savvy arrangement which can be effectively given on a wide range of handsets. A. Issues in M-banking 1) Lack of Standards: The absence of norms offers ascend to parcel of nearby and divided variants of m-installments offered by various partners. Gauges need to address security and protection worries of clients just as interoperability between different executions. ) Device imperatives: There are specialized issues identified with the cell phones . The cell phones experiences different compels like less handling force and memory, data transfer capacity, short battery life , visit separations, minuscule screens, poor goals and security issues. 3) Security Issues: Securing m-Commerce is significantly more troublesome than wired exchange. Gadget requirements bring up the issues concerning whether there will be sufficient security for clients without trading off the convenience and speed.Current constant M-banking use of different banks utilizes plain instant messages with no security calculation for sending information subsequently any malignant client can get to client significant information on portable and utilized it for noxious reason in this manner direct sending of information isn't suggestible for M-banking. SMS are inclined to parodying and there are issues identified with SMS encryption. Anyway innovation makers are creating improved security for applications with verification and encryption advances and numerous cases that the ISSN : 0975-4024De c 2011-Jan 2012 473 Manoj V, Bramhe/International Journal of Engineering and Technology Vol. 3 (6), 2011, 472-479 exchange utilizing cell phone is completely secure. There are numerous strategies for secure M-banking tasks yet significant research work has been done on Cryptography and steganography procedures. Cryptography is a procedure of changing over plaintext information into figure text utilizing cryptographic calculations. They safeguard fundamental security necessities like validation, classification, respectability and non-disavowal. B. Essentials of Short Message ServiceShort Message Service (SMS) is the capacity to send and get instant messages to and from cell phones. SMS was propelled as a piece of GSM1 standard. Each short message is up to 160 characters long. The 160 characters can contain words, numbers, or accentuation images. Short Message Service is a store and forward assistance; this implies messages are not sent legitimately to the beneficiary yet by means of a system SMS Center. SMS involves two fundamental point-to-point benefits as Mobile-started short message (MO-SM) and Mobile-ended short message (MT-SM).Mobile-began short messages are moved from MOcapable handset to SMSC though Mobile-ended short messages are shipped from SMSC to the handsets. The figure no. 1 shows an ordinary association of system components in a GSM organize supporting SMS. Fig. 1. Essential model of SMS based M-banking The advantages of SMS to endorsers are accommodation, adaptability, and consistent reconciliation of informing administrations and information get to, conveyance of notices and alarms, ensured message convey, solid, minimal effort correspondence instrument, expanded supporter profitability, conveyance of messages to ultiple endorsers one after another. The SMSC (Short Message Service Center) is the substance which carries out the responsibility of store and forward of messages to and from the versatile station. The SME (Short Message Entity), whi ch is ordinarily a cell phone or a GSM modem, can be situated in the fixed system or a portable station, gets or sends SMS. The SMSC normally makes some configurable memories limit for to what extent it will store the message. SMS Gateway SMS Gateway is an interface between programming applications versatile networks.An SMS Gateway permits interfacing programming applications to send as well as get SMS messages over

I Believe In Jesus Christ Religion Essay

I Believe In Jesus Christ Religion Essay Ervin Drake, Irvin Graham, Jimmy Shirl and Al Stillman composed this tune in 1953 and Frankie Laine sang the most mainstream variant of it. Jane Froman authorized the tune was charged for her mid 1950s TV program, turning into the main hit tune at any point presented on TV. Grieved by the flare-up of the Korean War in 1952 so not long after World War II, Froman welcomed the four men to make a tune which would offer expectation and confidence to the individuals. Throughout the years the tune composed for Americans turned into an overall accomplishment with Frankie Laine singing the most famous version.â [1]â Similarly as Jane Froman who endured interminable torment and wore a leg support for the vast majority of her life in the wake of enduring a plane accident in February, 1943 while she was visiting armed force camps in war torn Europe, appointed this tune to lift the spirits of individuals dreading the Korean War would become World War III, so did the Christian Church create well known explanations of confidence to continue its individuals even with sin. Each, affirmation in The Creed was an early Church endeavor to explain the Churchs convictions and religious philosophy. ADOPTIONISM Ruler and Christ The Man Jesus KENOTICISM Divine Pre-presence Lord and Christ The Man Jesus DOCETISM The everlasting Lord Human appearance The Church took a huge number of years to build up the convictions and religious philosophy which you and I underestimate. During the initial 400-500 years the Churchs scholars and the individuals who revoked them discussed and talked about the idea of Jesus Christ: Was He human? Is it accurate to say that he was divine? Would He be able to be both heavenly and human simultaneously? The Church additionally tussled disputably with non-adherents about the killed Christ. On the off chance that Jesus was divine, how might He endure on the Cross? Wouldnt He simply make an insincere effort of kicking the bucket without really encountering human agony? The individuals who said this was the situation, denied Jesus mankind, yet additionally denied His human birth to Mary, His mom and denied His human passing and plummet into hellfire. Christians needed to ponder such issues. They must be much progressively cautious about how they expressed their convictions: on one hand so they would obviously portray Gods disclosure and on another hand shock every single wrong decree and lessons. SLIDE FOUR To state I have faith in God, the Father Almighty, The Maker of paradise and earth was to adjust Christian convictions and religious philosophy to Judaism from which Christianity had developed. It was likewise to separate Christianity from Greek and Roman religions and all different strict practices and declarations by which enthusiasts venerated numerous divine beings. To state I trust in Jesus Christ, His lone Son, our Lord who was brought about by the Holy Spirit and conceived of the Virgin Mary was to separate Christianity from Judaism and, in the seventh century, from Islam. Christians duty and dedication to Jesus Christ separates each Christian from every other person on the planet, since Christians focus on and revere just God whom you know through Jesus Christ. The name Jesus originates from the Aramaic name Yeshua (Joshua), from Hebrew Yah-shua, which means God spares which was a well known name of the time. [2] The name focuses to Him being a verifiable individual and not a fabrication of someones wild creative mind. Jesus is frequently called Jesus Christ or Christ with Christ being the English expression for the Greek Þ㠏⠁ãžâ ¹Ã£ Ã¦'㠏„㠏å'㠏‚ meaning the blessed one. It is an interpretation of the Hebrew Ãâ€"Ã… ¾Ã£â€" ¸Ã£â€" ©Ã£â€"Â'ãâ€" Ã£â€"â„ ¢Ã£â€" - Ãâ€" · (Mã„⠁ã…  ¡Ã£ ®a㠡⠸â ¥), for the most part transliterated into English as Messiah. [3] Use of this title awards Jesus a particular spot ever. At the point when you announce that you have faith in Jesus Christ your Lord, you are seeing Him in His job according to your own profound needs. Just through Jesus Christ would you be able to plan to know God, so He beats your obliviousness of God. Just through Jesus Christ would you be able to want to be connected with God, demolishing your offense from God. Just through Jesus Christ would you be able to get the direction and insurance you have to live as adherents who know God and are accommodated to Him. SLIDE FIVE At the point when John composed of such things, he considered Jesus Christ the Word of God (John 1.1-4). He accepted that any individual who read his Gospel would have in any event a working information on the Old Testament and of Judaism inside the two of which the Messiah is alluded to as the Word. John expected that his perusers would realize that Jesus, as the Word, was dynamic and amazing in Creation (Genesis 1), in redemption of Gods individuals (Isaiah 42.1-9; 49.1-7; 52.13-53.12) and judgment of people groups conduct and conviction (Psalm 96.13). SLIDE SIX Remarks, for example, those John made in the initial not many sections of his Gospel (John 1.1-4) supported the stand the Church took against apostasy. SLIDE SEVEN First and foremost was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was in the first place with God. All things appeared through Him and without Him not one thing appeared. What has appeared in Him was life and the life was the light surprisingly. (John 1.1-4 NRSV) At the point when John began his Gospel with these words, he showed his conviction that Jesus was interminable, offering time everlasting to God His Father, in light of the fact that to start with was the Word: i.e., Jesus existed before the formation of the world and humankind. John likewise gave the Church a religious establishment whereupon it could set up presentations, for example, The Apostles Creed. In the manner people measure Time, Jesus was first and foremost with God and, on the grounds that He became alive once again crushing demise, He has no closure. Truly! Jesus lived as a man inside Time for around thirty-three years, however Time didn't tie Him. He dislike God, since He was God really, is God. Where God is, Jesus is. With these words John countered the shocking case that God the Father and Jesus the Son were two unmistakable substances two particular separate creatures. SLIDE EIGHT John likewise expressed his conviction that Jesus took an interest in the Creation of the world and Mankind, since nothing was made without Him being the Creator: All things appeared through Him and without Him not one thing appeared (John 1.3; Hebrews 1.10). Additionally, What has appeared in Him was life and the life was the light surprisingly (John 1.4). Jesus took an interest in Creation, yet in addition in offering life to individuals. Jesus didn't simply make, yet in addition keeps on giving, with the goal that life can continue endlessly. SLIDE NINE End Despite the fact that the Church distributed the primary known appearance of The Apostles Creed around 710-714AD [4] , Christians of most influences have utilized it more than once to attest their confidence and to give them a reason for additional philosophical reasoning. In todays western culture in which Christianity is progressively minimized and in which aloofness and an absence of compassion towards Christianity is spreading obliges all Christians to act transparently as adherents and to pronounce their convictions all the more intensely utilizing The Apostles Creed. You are urged to explain your convictions for yourself as well as other people and support your Christian conduct. I:sermons 2010Christian Year 2010Pentecost 17 Area Raymond Terrace 19-09-2010 Sacred writing John 1.1-18 Hebrews 12.1-4 Sources Bettenson, H. Archives of the Christian Church (OUP) Oxford 1993 repr. 23-24 Whinny, G. Statements of faith, Councils and Christ (IVP) Leicester 1984 98-104, 212-214 Leith, J.H. Statements of faith of the Churches (John Knox Press) Louisville 1982 22-24 Milne, B. The Message of John (IVP) 1993 31-50 Packer, J.I. Attesting the Apostles Creed (Crossway) Wheaton 2008 24-36 Sacred writings Settle Aland Greek-English New Testament (Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft) Stuttgart 1971 26th Edition Thomson Chain Reference Bible NIV (B.B.Kirkbridge Zondervan Company) New York Vocabulary Perschbacher, W.J. (ed.,) The New Analytical Greek Lexicon (Hendrickson) Peabody 2006 repr.

6 Essay Collections to Look For This Fall

6 Essay Collections to Look For This Fall This is a guest post from Alicia Kort. Alicia is a writer and editor based in New York City. Her writing has appeared in Newsweek, Paste, and Brooklyn Magazine. Follow her on Twitter  @aliciairenekort. With the summer humidity finally disappearing and back-to-school around the corner, it’s time to prepare your crisp fall must-read list. Here are stand-out essay collections that will be released in August, September and October. The wonderful thing about essay collections is that they’re one of the loosest forms of published writing. With the wide variety of authors, including a comedian and a late neurologist, you’ll laugh, cry and, perhaps, think about the world differently than you did before. Draft No. 4: On the Writing Process by  John McPhee The masterful New Yorker writer, author, and Princeton University professor has finally decided to write a guide to penning long-form nonfiction. But this isn’t like your school textbooksâ€"McPhee critiques his own essays while providing advice and sprinkling in a reflection on his own life as a writer. Draft 4 is on shelves on September 6. The Origin of Others by Toni Morrison Toni Morrison steps away from the novel to examine the concept of “others” and why the world creates an us vs. them society in this nonfiction collection of essays. The Origin of Others is drawn from her lectures at Harvard University, and the iconic writer contemplates race, globalization, slavery, and identity by analyzing works of literature and history. This book hits stores on September 17. We Were Eight Years in Power: An American Tragedy by Ta-Nehisi Coates The celebrated The Atlantic journalist and writer of the best-selling book Between the World and Me is back with a book full of “urgently relevant essays,” according to Kirkus Review. Including several of his Atlantic essays like “Fear of a Black President,” We Were Eight Years in Power examines each year of Obama’s presidency, culminating in Coates’ reaction to the subsequent election. This book is available starting October 3. The Letters of Sylvia Plath, Vol. 1: 1940â€"1956  by Sylvia Plath Touting never-before-seen correspondence between the beloved writer and 120 people, this collection promises to shed some more light on Plath’s life, including her relationship with Ted Hughes. The Letters of Sylvia Plath begins while she’s attending Smith College and ends shortly after she weds Hughes. The book is out October 17. Vacationland  by John Hodgman In his first book in 10 years, comedian John Hodgman revisits vacation locations on the Northeast where’s he has vacationed over his 40-something years. A former Daily Show writer, Hodgman reflects on becoming middle-aged and the crises associated with it. Vacationland comes out October 24. The River of Consciousness  by Oliver Sacks Before the late neurologist passed away, his colleagues assembled previously published essays that exemplified Sacks’ many interests. Sacks passed away in 2015 and was working on this book. He wanted to explore what made us human. The neurologist was known for nonfictions books, such as Awakenings, and memoirs, such as On the Move. This book will hit shelves on October 24. What are your favorite essay collections?   Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Forth vs. Fourth How to Choose the Right Word

The words forth and fourth are homophones: They are pronounced the same but are spelled differently and have different meanings and etymologies, although both have Old English roots. How to Use Forth The adverb forth means moving forward in time, place, or order. It also means simply to the forefront when paired with verbs such as bring, come, and put. The expression and so forth is equivalent to and more of the same or etc., whereas to hold forth means to go on talking for a long time, and to set forth means to give a detailed written or oral account of something. The Forth is also the name of a river in south-central Scotland. How to Use Fourth The adjective fourth refers to the ordinal number corresponding to four and situated between third and fifth For example, hes fourth in line at the bakery. In baseball, batting fourth refers to the cleanup hitter, typically the best batter on the team whos most likely to hit a home run and bring any players who are on first, second, or third base home. A fourth is also a musical interval, and a fourth gear is usually found in automatic and standard transmissions. The noun fourth refers to the fourth day of any month. July 4, Independence Day in the United States, is often referred to as the Fourth. Fourth can also refer to a fraction, as in one-quarter, or the last person of four to join a card game. Examples The following examples show some of the uses of forth: Sofia loved to hold forth (talk at length) about European history whenever she got the chance.The expectant father paced back and forth (backward and forward) in the waiting room.The third speaker was Eleanor, who set forth (expressed) her ideas on addressing the towns budget woes.Michael began to talk about his past in detail, including his childhood, teenage years, young adulthood, and so forth (and the rest). Fourth is used as an adjective, adverb,  or noun in these examples: Jakes fourth grade  (grade 4) class was assigned to draw something interesting that may be found inside the home.At the game, Steve was the cleanup hitter, batting fourth (batter No. 4) in the top of the ninth inning with runners on first and third.At the last minute, Susan arrived to make a fourth (player No. 4) at bridge.Will you be watching fireworks on the Fourth (July 4)?We split the cost of dinner, with each of us paying a fourth (25 percent) of the tab. How to Remember the Difference The simplest way to remember the difference between forth and fourth is that forth means forward and theres no u in forward, whereas fourth is always associated with the number 4. Sources â€Å"Forth | Definition of Forth in English by Oxford Dictionaries.†Ã‚  Oxford Dictionaries | English, Oxford Dictionaries, en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/forth.â€Å"Fourth.†Ã‚  American Heritage Dictionary Entry: Fourth, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?qfourth.

The Concentration Of Poverty And Poverty - 1115 Words

Some problems associated with living in a neighborhood with a high percentage of the population living in poverty include increased crime rates, poor education, health problems and psychological distress. The concentration of people in high poverty neighborhoods magnifies the problems faced by the poor. This is because it leads to the concentration of the ills associated with poverty. Children in these neighborhood do not only lack basic needs but are also exposed to an hostile environment that holds numerous temptations and does not provide positive motivation (McConville Ong, 2003). In addition, because schools are distributed geographically, children from high poverty neighborhoods attend the same schools and this result in low performance. This concentration also intensify the shift of the middle and higher income families away from these neighborhoods thus creating a gap between social needs and the financial base necessary to address these issues. The concentration of poverty is important because it has an impact on the distribution of income which might undermines the social fabric and may restrict opportunities for others (Jargowsky, 2003). There are arguments that individuals may benefit from living in poor neighborhoods. This is because they are able to share coping strategies as well as well as benefit from geographically based networks that provide support to people living in poor neighborhoods. The coping strategies employed include reducing expenses,Show MoreRelatedWelfare Policy845 Words   |  4 PagesDescription According to the US Census Bureau, about 274,000 people, or 10 percent of the population in Chicago, Illinois are living in deep poverty (Emmanuel, 2015). Despite its high poverty rates, welfare in Chicago has always been small by any measure. At its peak in the 1990s, only 5 million families received assistance, averaging less than $400 a family (Piven, 2002). 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Estimates suggest that â€Å"a 10 percent increase in the share of remittances in a country’s GDP lead to a reduction of 1.6 percent of people living in poverty† (Adams and Page, 2005). Similarly â€Å"poverty head count and poverty gap indices would decline by 0.77 and 0.53 respectively with 10 percent increase in internationalRead MoreThe Discrimination Of The United States950 Words   |  4 Pagesfailure to begin with, especially when you add in poverty and poor living conditions. The school system, for example, is full of fail when it comes to giving equal education opportunities to minorities. Schools in neighborhoods with high poverty rates are shown to have lower test scores and graduation rates. Minority students don t only get less experienced teachers, they also get less effective ones. Students in schools with a high co ncentration of minorities are more than twice as likely to have

Anthro fieldnotes Free Essays

Define and give a bit of its significance, such what these people/things/practices/ rules are and do in the book (go to other side of page or a new one if necessary): Text never A shaman who was believed to have the ability to enter a trance and negotiate for his patient’s health. Was mainly used by Hong people who couldn’t conceive children. Dab a malevolent spirit that was detaining a child birth. We will write a custom essay sample on Anthro fieldnotes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Huh plug soul calling, which In Laos was always the third day after child birth. Are aqua dab peg and epilepsy the same thing? Write how you think each one Is the same or different. They are basically the same thing because they both refer to an illness. Quad dab peg means the spirit catches you and you fall down. (Chapter 4) What were some of the refugees’ conceptions of Western doctors and the health care system? Why were taxi enables better than doctors? They thought the Western doctors would chop them up and eat them or sell them as food. Taxi enables ere better than doctors because they would go to the patient’s homes instead of making them go to the hospital. They also came up with diagnostics rather quickly. Fading finds it significant? Why use it to talk about Hong history? What histories do we learn about in this brief chapter? Fading finds it interesting because you can’t catch a fish without a pole, and for a pole you need a hook, and for the hook you need to know what kind of fish you are catching and so on. In the short histories you learn about the violent past of the Hong people and what happened in China. How did you feel when the court ordered Lila Lee to be taken away from her parents (p. 59)? Do you believe it was the right decision? Was any other solution possible in the situation? I believe it was unfair because they were only doing in what they believed in. They believed in their traditional ways and not our traditional ways. I don’t blame them for not trusting the Western Ways. How to cite Anthro fieldnotes, Papers

Language in the Study of History

Table of Contents Introduction Importance of Language in History Reason and Language Conclusion Works Cited Introduction History is an academic discipline which basically aims at giving a critical analysis of various events that occurred or are currently taking place.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Language in the Study of History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There has been a notion that history is simply based on rumors and that it relies on story telling. This notion is very wrong because historical knowledge is based on accurate evidence which can be used to prove that something happened due to a particular reason. For example we can always give reasons to justify the causes of war in our societies. â€Å"History can be divided into socio- economic and political categories† (Stumpf 67). Apart from this type of classification, we also have philosophy of history â€Å"which is the theory aspect of the discipline of academic history, and deals with questions such as the nature of historical evidence, the degree to which objectivity is possible† (MacMillan 34). The philosophical aspect of history gives it some authenticity and it also enables us to critically understand its nature. â€Å"For example, we can compare and contrast history and other disciplines through the study of its philosophy† (Dupre 98). Philosophy of history encompasses several elements which governs its analysis. For example it deals with reason and language as some of its elements. It is therefore imperative to critically analyze the importance of language and reason in history. Language can be defined as â€Å"a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols† (Neustadt 89). There are disparities in the characteristics that govern the use of various languages. Reason can be defined â€Å"as an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon† (Neustad t 91). Since history is majorly preoccupied with explaining when events occurred and why they occurred, I therefore contend that both reason and language are important in history. Importance of Language in History Language is a very unique development among human beings and it has had much influence on the life of mankind as a whole. â€Å"For example it has affected the nature of learning various academic disciplines in various institutions† (Dupre 138). There are so many languages in the world today and the popularity of a particular language depends on the number of people that speak it. The importance of language in history can therefore be described as follows. â€Å"The history of a given community can be learned through the study of their language† (Gottlieb 215).Advertising Looking for essay on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance a linguist who may wish to learn particular aspects of a given society may rely on their language. In this case the linguist can study some words which describe a given phenomena. For example words that describe places may help the linguist to examine the migration patterns of a particular community (Gottlieb 230). In addition to these, the study of words that describe political activities can reveal how a particular community was governed. Language also enables us to articulate our attitudes, feelings, ideas, interpretations, and facts about a given phenomena. For example, one can give his opinions about political structures and developments in his society. This can influence the historical rationalization of such developments. Language also has an effect on our perception, and emotions about events that take place in our society. For example, the manner in which a person describes a given historical event will definitely affect our feelings about them. he description of the Nazi dream that Germany had may make a person to have a low opinion about Hitler. Nonetheless, if a person justifies Hitler’s actions then people will perceive him positively. Language has always ensured the continuity of history from one generation to the other. For example, oral tradition has been extensively used in the study of several events that took place in the past and it mainly depends on myths and legends of a particular society. These stories are often transmitted through the spoken word and they have very rich historical information. Language also influences history in the sense that it determines the actions to be taken. For example, the recent revolution that we had in Egypt was perhaps successful because people used language to influence each other to demonstrate against the government. The use of language in this context influenced people’s actions which culminated to a historical event (Stumpf 890). Even though language has facilitated the development of historical knowledge and facts, it has also negatively a ffected the validity of history. For example, the modification of historical information in the process of translating it may lead to the distortion of the facts we have in history. Most of the historians today extensively depend on secondary sources as their major references, hence the information they get may not be authentic. This is because the people who developed the secondary sources may have added their own opinions to the original ideas. Apart from these, oral evidence also depends on the capacity of the informant to remember what happened. They might therefore give an incomplete account of an event simply because they can not recall every thing that occurred. Importance of Reason in HistoryAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Language in the Study of History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reason is another fundamental aspect of philosophy of history and its importance in history can be discussed as follo ws. †Reason is a mental faculty or ability found in humans that is able to generate non intuitive conclusions from assumptions or premises† (Dupre 120). â€Å"Our daily experiences affect the nature of our reasoning hence people reason differently in various parts of the world† (Gottlieb 290). This eventually leads to various actions which may cause historical events. For example, capitalism and its development has been linked with colonialism, hence through its study we get to understand why Africa and other European countries were colonized. It is through reason that historians understand causes and effects of a person’s or a community’s actions. The understanding of causes can therefore enable people to remodel their actions hence they can avoid mistakes in future. For example, when we examine the reasons why the people of Tunisia revolted we get to understand their experiences. Other countries can also use those ideas to correct their political i nstitutions. For example, the Egyptians also revolted because of what they observed in Tunisia and Yemen. Criticism is one aspect of reason and through it we can question the validity of historical information. â€Å"This would make us understand why something happened in a given manner† (MacMillan 157). Last but more importantly, events cannot just happen without reasons and this point summarizes the importance of involving reason in this domain. For example Iraq did not just attack Kuwait for the sake of it, but they had reasons for their actions. â€Å"Reason is also an important factor in history because through a certain type of reasoning a historian creates a historical record of a certain event in a certain way† (MacMillan 160). Reason has been criticized to some extend by some people who think that it has no role in history. â€Å"These people question whether we can be confident that reason can achieve knowledge of truth better than other ways of trying to ac hieve such knowledge† (Gottlieb 235). They also doubt whether it is important to have our lives governed by reasons instead of other factors which may even enable us to have a better life. Reason and Language The similarity between language and reason is that they both influence the actions taken by human beings hence they both influence historical events. For example the manner in which you describe a historical event to somebody will actually influence his perception hence he will have reasons for acting in a given way. Conclusion The above discussion reveals the importance of language and reason in the study of history and we can therefore treat them as very critical elements of history. Language should therefore be used to enhance the study of history and historians should be very careful in their choice of words when giving explanations of historical occurrences.Advertising Looking for essay on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This would enable them to maintain authenticity in this study. This is because language is the key tool used in the study of history and if it is abused then we shall have rumors instead of history. Reason is also very important in historical analysis because it is through it that we get to understand the true nature of history. History can therefore not survive without language and reason. Works Cited Dupre, Ben. Philosophy ideas you really need to know. Ohio: Book Sales, 2009. Gottlieb, Athony. The dream of reason: a history of philosophy from the Greeks to the renaissance. New York: Norton Company, 2001. MacMillan, Margaret. Dangerous games: the uses and abuses of history. New York: Modern Library, 2009. Neustadt, Richard. Thinking in time: the uses of history for decision- makers. New York: Free Press, 1988. Stumpf, Enock. Philosophy: history and problems. Washington. D.C: McGrow-Hill, 2007. This essay on Language in the Study of History was written and submitted by user RandallFlagg to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Magical Dream Essays

A Magical Dream Essays A Magical Dream Essay A Magical Dream Essay My heart is pounding faster than a drum line during a college football game and I have a feeling inside my stomach as if there is a dancing leprechaun doing back flips. My family and I have arrived! I walk in slow motion with tiny steps through the tall magical gates with my head held high reading the glistering sign that says, â€Å"Welcome to the Magic Kingdom. † I whisper under my breath â€Å"I can’t believe I am here† as if I just stepped into a land of imagination. Before I could blink, I had stumbled upon the most popular character in existence! He waddles over to ruffle my hair, I yell with excitement, Mickey! I hug him as if there was no tomorrow, with a grip that could only be released if my arms were cut off. There are a total of seven themed lands in the Magic Kingdom according to the official map I hold in my sweaty palms when I extend it out towards the blistering sun for better light. I follow the arrows carefully on the signs while my eyes are glued to all the glamour around me of what is a magical dream. I stagger into the first land; Main Street USA. The more I walk, the more it seems as if I had just taken a time machine back into the early 20th century small-town America, which by the way, is inspired by Walt Disney’s boyhood and the classic movie Lady and the Tramp. As I am strolling down Main Street, I can see an old fashioned movie theatre and the smell of absolutely terrific freshly cooked dough being wrapped into a pretzel; the scrumptious taste of cotton candy disintegrating in my mouth as I feel my teeth beginning to decay. Along these old fashioned brick roads are bizarre little shops, and an antique barber shop that had just reminded me, I need to get my staggering long hair cut. The best part of this long stroll through Main Street USA is what stands at the end, Cinderella’s enchanting castle that marks the center of the park! The day has just begun and I am in the center of the park where six flawless pathways await me that lead to other additional lands. During my traveling experience through these lands, I slowly begin to see how my magical dreams are now becoming reality as I learn how to be a pirate in an encounter with Captain Jack Sparrow, playing games with obnoxious looking monsters and conquering mountains that have me reaching for the sky. My list that I have carefully well thought out and planned, is in detailed order that I must follow it accordingly. Next to visit is Liberty Square where I hear Patriotic music combined with delicious, stomach craving aromas of famous New England dishes. I now work my way through the Hall of Presidents that features every American president from past to present. The presidents are having debates with there strong-willed demanding voices as if they were still alive today. To the next stop, I climb aboard what is called the â€Å"doom buggy† and I ride through pitch blackness of happy haunts. As I am trailing through the Haunted Mansion, I hear sounds of howling and strange creaking noises. The floor beneath me is trembling while loud crackling of thunder is coming from all around me. Suddenly a mysterious Ghost host pops out who looks incredibly realistic with a green glow transparency. This jolly ghost then introduces me to his closest amusing, yet creepy looking friends. The next bridge I cross into is Fantasyland, which is the gateway to a world of make-believe and if you wish upon a star, your dreams come true. Here there are nearly three-hundred brightly costumed dolls singing and dancing making my day filled with gleaming smiles. Next, I gently glide on one of ninety prancing stallions with the wind blowing in my face as I hear magical Disney music filling the air and I whisper beneath my breath, â€Å"I can’t believe I am here. † Over the next bridge awaits Frontierland, where I discover the American pioneer spirit by land, water and rail through the mountains of the Magic Kingdom. I plunge down Splash Mountain and get utterly submerged by water, but I don’t seem to mind because it is nothing but a grinning good time. Another bridge leads to a place that has me thinking futuristic thoughts, Tomorrowland. Yes, it is a glimpse into the future! Spaceships are zooming around the extravagant illuminated galaxy and I am now piloting my own rocket ship into another galaxy that is filled with distinctive friendly aliens while we soar through space trying to save the universe with our high powered beaming lasers. Finally I reach to the last bridge of which leads to enchanted experiences, Adventure land. I journey through the channels of Pirates of the Caribbean. This is where I meet up with gnarling pirates that are trying to bring down our boat with their blaring cannons! The thick cloud of smoke that the gunpowder leaves behind, keeps my eyes narrow searching for what is next to come! It has been one long exhausting day, fulfilled with laughter and enjoyment of what I thought could only be a dream. This magical dream is ending with brilliant fireworks that paint a mesmerizing story with every aspect of color. They blaze the pure night sky of loud crackling shooting stars of wishes and magical dreams which had now come true, and I say to myself once more, â€Å"I can’t believe I am here. †

The Formula for the Combined Gas Law

The Formula for the Combined Gas Law The combined gas law ties together Boyles law, Charles law, and Gay-Lussacs law. Basically, it states that as long as the amount of gas doesnt change, the ratio between the pressure-volume and temperature of a system is a constant. There is no discoverer of the law as it simply puts together concepts from other cases of the ideal gas law. The Combined Gas Law Formula The combined gas law examines the behavior of a constant amount of gas when pressure, volume and/or temperature is allowed to change. The simplest mathematical formula for the combined gas law is: k PV/T In words,  the product of pressure multiplied by volume and divided by temperature is a constant. However, the law is usually used to compare before/after conditions. The combined gas law is expressed as: PiVi/Ti PfVf/Tf where: Pi initial pressureVi initial volumeTi initial absolute temperaturePf final pressureVf final volumeTf final absolute temperature It is extremely important to remember that the temperatures are absolute temperatures measured in Kelvin, NOT  °C or  °F. It is also important to keep your units constant. Do not use pounds per square inch for pressures initially to find Pascals in the final solution. Uses of the Combined Gas Law The combined gas law has practical applications in situations where pressure, volume, or temperature can change. It is used in engineering, thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and meteorology. For example, it can be used to predict cloud formation and the behavior of refrigerants in air conditioners and refrigerators.

The role of ombudsman in ADR and its impact on sovereign government Coursework

The role of ombudsman in ADR and its impact on sovereign government - Coursework Example While usually asked by one party or the other to become involved, the ombudsman may take the initiative without being requested to do so. While formal definition of the role is not legally universally accepted, the description of the role is generally as stated and practiced within the limits and specifications of various legal systems and constitutions. Functioning on local, national and international level, the role of ombudsman is the purest and most effective form of alternative dispute resolution between individuals and more powerful entities. The Ombudsman: Concept and Mechanisms for ADR The role of Alternate Dispute Resolution (ADR) in resolving the grievances of private citizens has expanded over the years to achieve a status even among attorneys as a valid legal and useful practice. Rather than merely an alternative to costly litigation, it has resurrected ‘traditional notions’ about the use of negotiation and out of court settlement.1 Over the past two decades ADR has evolved into a complex arena for settling disputes, encouraged by the rise in popularity and acceptance of the ombudsman as prime impartial negotiator. With the increased use of ombudsmen, officials in this role can be found at all levels of government, as well as in settings of private industry and academia. Modeled on a long established Swedish precedent, the concept took hold in Europe the 1960s along with a growing ‘power to the people’ movement seeking redress for the average person against the powerful forces of government and industry in dispute situations. Ombudsman were to assist in achieving fairness by means of independence, unfettered access to records and persons, careful investigation, impartiality and the prestige of the office. Ombudsman today can be found in almost any official capacity where parties involved in disputes are in need of an impartial negotiator. Differences in the operational aspect among these negotiating agents often depend upon where he or she is expected to function, but always within the clearly defined parameters of impartiality and/or political neutrality. In the private corporate environment, the ombudsman may not only resolve differences between workers and employers, but often affect better conditions in the workplace that discourage extreme acts by the offended party or parties as a means to resolution. Mechanisms employed in these circumstances may prove simple or complex, depending upon the nature of the grievances or dispute, as well as the commitment and attitudes of the parties at odds. The goal, however, is always the same: a fair resolution to a conflict of interests that satisfies and is fair to both parties achieved in a non-litigious setting. In the public arena--as in disputes with government and public agencies—the ombudsman also functions as a bureaucratic monitoring mechanism. Basically, the activity in the public realm may be viewed as threefold: as stopgap measure to holding administrators accountable for treatment of citizens; as righting wrongs done to citizens, and as a tool to dissuade citizens from becoming alienated from the tangled government bureaucracy, rendering it, or seemingly so, more human and personal. As watchdogs, ombudsman look for potential government abuses, and at times, as is fair and appropriate to their role as impartial mediators, they can also vindicate officials unjustly charged in a grievance with wrongdoing.2 The position then is a hedge against what many citizens see as an all powerful bureaucratic

Explain what it means to be educated. Make sure you use at least one Essay

Explain what it means to be educated. Make sure you use at least one reading as the base of your argument - Essay Example In reality, to be educated means to have knowledge, potential to think, ability to learn, and the capacity to make use of language. The mental capability of such an individual enables one to have awareness of any vagueness, realize when knowledge is missing, open minded, readiness, capability to doubt, questions things, logical curiosity, and happy to learn. Education has the potential to enhance knowledge, skill, and attitude which empowers individual’s to deal with problems. In this way, an educated person is one who has the power to deal with life problems using the experiences that come from education. For instance, in â€Å"Coming to an Awareness of Language† by Malcolm X, it is clear that Malcolm was uneducated because he could not read or write. However, he transformed himself and began to teach himself vocabulary from the dictionary and from this he began gaining knowledge. This knowledge opened his language skills to begin writing coherently and precisely in wo rds that could be understood (Buscemi and Smith, 2012). An educated person should have not only knowledge but also the potential to make informed decisions. It is a case where someone is enlightened about issues and realizes the need to make a certain decision for the betterment of one’s life. An educated person is therefore, familiar with various ideas which shape one’s view of reality. ... Thinking abilities are part and pursue of an educated person because this is what leads to making of rational informed resolutions. This thinking ability is still what results in knowledge that an individual holds. Just like if a person is analytically thinking about a physician’s suggestion, one would be required to have a bit of knowledge about medical information. It is now possible to think if the recommendation the doctor is offering makes sense or not. This is because with the thinking ability, the knowledge to make rational decisions for the betterment of one’s life is realized. For instance, Malcolm admires Bimbi from prison because he is eloquent and can contribute in any conversation. It is apparent that Bimbi is educated and can converse easily because his thinking abilities translate to knowledge. In the same, way Malcolm assumes this thinking ability by taking Bimbi as his role model and works hard to learn the language (Buscemi and Smith, 2012). It is also evident that an educated individual has learning abilities to independently cope with the changing society. It is not possible for a person who cannot learn independently to be regarded as educated. Independent learning is not only reading books or internet materials but the ability to acquire knowledge through personal effort. This could be to learn through the existing material or creating understanding where there is none. This is the art of rational inquiry where a person has the potential to absorb or acquire information without any reliance on other people’s opinion. Learning is the process of expanding, modification, and refining existing knowledge which further, strengthens the thinking potential. For instance, from â€Å"Coming to an Awareness of

Nested transactions

Nested transactions Q1. Executing nested transactions requires some form of coordination. Explain what a coordinator should actually do? In order to make the answer to this question more solid and clear let me start wit a brief explanation on what actually is a nested transaction. Anested transaction is a new transaction begun within the scope of another transaction. Several transactions can begin from the scope of one transaction thus the transaction that starts the nested transaction is called theparentof the nested transaction. The features of nested transactions as to why they exist are listed below. Nested transactions enable an application to isolate errors in certain operations. Nested transactions allow an application to treat several related operations as a single operation. Nested transactions can function concurrently. Now coming on to answer the exact question; the function of a coordinator is that it should take the primary request automatically in the order in which it receives. It should check the unique identifier in case it has already received and executed the request and if it identifies, it should resend the response back Servers which perform requests in distributed transaction needs to communicate with each other to coordinate their actions, therefore there are a few process that involves when the coordinator is in play and they are; In order to keep track of the participants and their information the coordinator keeps a list of references whenever they are involved as this is will be helpful at the time of aborting it. When the client sends a request it first reaches the coordinator which then resends a unique ID to the client which ensures that the coordinator is now responsible for the exchange of transactions. At some instance if there is a new participant who joins the transaction, the coordinator should be informed and it is then the coordinator updates its list of participants and this is where the joint method in the coordinator interface is used. We argued that distribution transparency may not be in place for pervasive systems. This statement is not true for all types of transparencies. Explain what you understand by pervasive system. Give an example? In general Pervasive systems which is also well known as Ubiquitous computing, can be easily derived by the term ubiquitous which means being everywhere at the same time, When applying this logic to technology, the term ubiquitous implies that technology is everywhere and we can use it irrespective of the location and time. It is important to note that pervasive systems are built by a number of different distributed components integrated and tagged together that can be invisible and also visible at times which in general terms is known as transparency. The following points will make it clear to why pervasive systems are important in the current context. Pervasive systems are changing our day to day activities in a various ways. When it comes to using todays digitalized equipments users tend to communicate in different ways be more active conceive and use geographical spaces differently In addition, pervasive systems are global and local practically everywhere social and personal public and private invisible and visible From my understanding, reading and gathering its is true that Distribution transparency may not be in place for pervasive systems but arguably there are rare instances which it can be, because the backend of pervasive system is can be made invisible as the actual user need not know how the process takes place behind the scene. Here is a typical example on how a pervasive system can involve in a humans day to day life. Assume a lecturer is preparing himself for a lecture presentation. The lecture room is in a different campus which is a 15 minute walk from his campus. Its time to leave and he is not quiet ready. He takes his HTC palmtop with him which is a Wi-Fi enabled handheld equipment and walks out. The pervasive system transfers his undone work from his Laptop to his HTC Palmtop, so that he can make his editings during his walk through voice commands. The system knows where the lecturer is heading towards by the campus location tracker. It downloads the presentation to the projection computer in which he is going to present and keeps it prepared for the lecture to begin. Now by the time the lecturer reaches his class he has done the final changes. As the presentation proceeds, he is about to display a slide with a diagram with numerical information regard to forecasts and budgets. The system immediately realises that there might be a mistake in this and warns the lecturer, he realizing this at the right time skips the slide and moves on to other topics to make the presentation smooth leaving the students impressed by his quality presentation. Q2. Consider a chain of processes P1, P2 Pn implementing a multitiered client-server architecture. Process Pi is client of process P i+1, and P i will return a reply to Pi-1 only after receiving a replyfrom P i+1. What are the main problems with this organization when takinga look at the request-reply performance at process P1? From my understanding a Multitiered client-server Architecture basically refers to where more components in terms of hardware and more importantly softwares are added and tied up to build or in other words construct a complete architecture which facilitates the process of presentation, application processing, and data management to be logically processed separately. In relation to the question the limitations and the problems this organization would face is that if the processes are too large that is referring to Pn according to the example there will be bottle neck kind of situation arising and this can make the whole process slow and there will be a chain of processes un processed. A Multitier architecture does not run on its own there are other hardware and software components involved in it and if any of these components drop in performance the whole architecture will see a drop in performance. Another problem is that it would more difficult to program and test than in normal architectures because more devices have to communicate in order to complete a clients request. Q3. Strong mobility in UNIX Systems could be supported by allowing a process to fork a child on a remote machine. Explain how this would work? It is easy to get the initial understanding if the logic behind the term forking a child is made clear. Forking in UNIX refers to the process which the parents image is completely copied to the child. This start when UNIX starts a new process. Basically, how it works is that: the main parent process which already exists forks a child process which is the new process created. Then as the next step the newly created child process gets a duplicate copy of the parents data., and now it has 2 processes with the same data and the child process can now be activated To create a child process there are 2 basic steps to be followed. The System creates an exact copy of parent process by the process of forking The process in UNIX are built with different codes therefore the code of the parent process should be substituted within the code of the child process. We must also have the system reserved with ample resources to create the child process and memory map for it. As a result of this it can also be said that the child process inherits all the system variables of the parent process. The only issue in this would that using the forking process consumes more time and memory to duplicate the parents environment, and to create a unique structure for the child. Q4. Describe how Connectionless Communications between a client and a server proceeds when using sockets? Let me step into answering the question straightaway where the following paragraph will explain how the connectionless communication is taking place between the client and a server using the help of programmed sockets. It is clear that the connection uses UDP to connect and program where the server receives connectionless datagrams from many clients and prints them. Initially, a socket is constructed while it is in unconnected state, which means the socket is in its own and is not associated with any other destination beyond its boundary. The subroutines that needs to be connected binds a destinations i.e. the IP address of the server and the port number to which it listens the requests which is a permanent one to the socket and now puts it in connected state. Once this process is completed behind the scene an application program will call the subroutine to establish a connection before it prepares it self to transfer data through a socket. More importantly all sockets that are used with connectionless datagram i.e. UDP services does not need be connected before they are used but connecting them makes a more efficient and effective way to transfer data between the client and the sever without specifying the destination each an every time. Note: The processes cannot share ports during any time of the process as it is specified permanently to the desired connection itself having said that UDP multicast has the ability to share port numbers which uses a slightly different concept which will not be discussed in this answer. The diagram below illustrates the example in a clear view Q5. The Request-Reply Protocol is underlying most implementations of remote procedure calls and remote method invocations. In the Request-Reply Protocol, the request messages carry a request ID so that the sender can match answer messages to the requests it sent out. Task: Describe a scenario in which a client could receive a reply from an earlier request. Before stepping into answering the questions straightaway let me first briefly explain what the Request-Reply protocol is and why it is used for. The Request-reply protocol is an effective special-purpose protocol for distributed systems based on UDP datagrams The functions of the RRP are listed below When the RRP is in play the reply message from the server forms an acknowledgement for the message requested by the client => avoiding overhead There is no guarantee that if a requested message is sent that it will result in a method being executed Re-transmission and identification of messages can increase reliability RRP helps to keep history of messages to avoid re-execution and repetition in the method during a request when transmitting reply messages. Now coming onto answer the question, assume that a client requests the server and is waiting for a reply message, accordingly the client should get the requested reply within a certain period of time if it doesnt the client sends another request which in other words is known as idempotent operations i.e. operations that can be performed repeatedly with the same effect as if it had been performed exactly once: re-execute the operation. If the server receives the second request it then provides a conditional acknowledgement message this depicts that the server guarantees a reply for the client without letting the client to make any more requests for the same message which it has already made. The diagram below has also explained the same as said above. The Request-Reply-Acknowledge (RRA) protocol is a variant of the Request-Reply (RR) protocol, where the client has to acknowledge the servers reply. Assume that the operations requested by the client are not idempotent, that is, their outcome is different if they are executed a second time. Task: For each of the two protocols, RR and RRA, describe which information the server has to store in order to reliably execute the requests of the client and return information about the outcome. Discuss as well when the server can delete which piece of information under the two protocols Basically the main difference between Request-Reply (RR) and Request-Reply Acknowledge (RRA) is that In the Request-Reply Protocol, the requested messages carry a request ID so that the sender can match answer messages to the requests it sent out but where as this is not the case in Request-Reply-Acknowledgement (RRA) protocol, here the client acknowledges the servers reply messages, and the acknowledgement message contains the ID in the reply message being acknowledged. If we are specifically talking about transmitting requests in the transport layer the Request-Reply protocol is the most effective one to be used because: No acknowledgments are necessary at the transport layer. Since it is often built by UDP datagrams connection establishment overheads can be avoided. There is no necessity for flow control as there are only small amount of data being transferred. In order to reliably execute the requests made by the clients the server has to importantly store the information that is in the request ID so that it makes the server identify the client and respond to its request immediately. The Request ID contains the following information which the server has to store. Sending process identifier IP address of the client Port number through which the request has come Integer sequence number incremented by sender with every request Arguably this can also be the most efficient protocol compared with the Request-Reply Acknowledge protocol because this provides Non-idempotent operations i.e. re-send result stored from previous request but the exception here is that it requires maintenance of a history of replies so that it can make use whenever it receive a request. It is clearly said that the non-idempotent operations do have their limitations therefore to limit the size of history and make the connection more reliable and efficient we use Request-Reply Acknowledge protocol. REFERENCES Distributed Systems Concepts and Design, 3rd Ed. G Coulouris, Jean Dollimore, Tim Kindberg: Books Distributed Systems: Principles and Paradigms by Andrew S. Tanenbaum (Author), Maarten van Steen (Author) Other Internet sources Websites and Forums Lecture slides and notes

A Brief Literature Review of Qualitative Research

The application of qualitative research to social science studies has received mixed reviews. Some social scientists subscribe wholeheartedly to the use of qualitative research as a counterpoise to the traditional quantitative research methodology, which has been the vogue in social science research. Other social scientists however question the application of qualitative research to social science studies. Some reviewers, for example, question the appropriateness in retrospective evaluation of programs of programs in organizational change (Blackler and Brown, 1983, p.  349).Other reviewers of the same research argue that good qualitative evaluation â€Å"entails close and continuous involvement with the process of change. † Blacker and Brown employed qualitative research methodology in their study of retrospective evaluation of programs of organizational change. They concluded that â€Å"unlike some natural science paradigms, competing paradigms should not be thought of as mutually exclusive† in application of qualitative research in social science. (Blacker and Brown, ibid)Crawford titled his paper ‘Putting money in research pays: How companies large and small – benefit from research plans’. In it he discussed the advantages gained by business enterprises in the United States of America through both quantitative and qualitative research. (Crawford 2006). Dale in his study: ‘Partnering with management to implement ergonomics in the industrial workplace’, concluded that for implementation of any research to be effective in changing workers’ attitude, there must be effective collaboration between the researcher and the management of the industrial establishment.(Dale, 2004). Harris in his article entitled: ‘Business to Business comes of age in qualitative research’, highlights the use of modern information technology in advancing the frontier of qualitative research in business and industry. It is Harris’s opinion that use of such technology as teleconferencing will not only ensure objectivity in data collection, but can allow the researcher to administer his protocol to large respondents at the same time. (Harris, 1995)The role of qualitative methodology in ergonomics is discussed by Hignett in his paper ’Theoretical Issues to Ergonomics Science’ Here, a four stage sampling method of qualitative research was used in the interview of academics and management practitioners to gain their views on all areas of ergonomics. (Hignett and Wilson, 2004). Karami, Rowley and Analoni studied some research methodologies used in generating knowledge for management through research. They concluded that whereas earlier research was skewed in favor of quantitative methodology, present day studies tend to favor qualitative research methods.(Karami et al 2006). McPhee employed a qualitative research approach to his study of the organizational behavior of business practi ce in Europe. He concluded that although until recently, the pyramidical hierarchy structure was the norm in organizational framework of European companies, globalization of the world economy has forced many European firms to employ qualitative research in their transition to a more democratic organizational arrangement (McPhee, 2002). Russell in his paper titled ‘Dangerous Intersections’ x-rays the use of qualitative research as a tool in the campaign sponsored by an insurance company.The thrust of the campaign was on awareness, education and safety promotion within the United States. (Russell, F. 2002). Yates in his paper drew attention to the opportunities which practitioners in business communications now have to shift emphasis away from quantitative methods to qualitative methodology in their research. (Yates, J. 1993). This brief literature review leads us to the analysis of the qualitative research methodology employed by Maximillian Brown in his dissertation tit led: ‘Trust, Power and Work place democracy: Safety and Health Works Councils in Oregon’. Description of Methodology:In analyzing the qualitative research methodologies used in ‘The Brown Dissertation’ salient aspects of each methodology will be highlighted. The sum total of the evaluation of the ‘Brown Dissertation’ will reflect the contributions of all the different paradigms to the overall results of the qualitative research. The following are the research methods employed by Brown for his case studies. †¢ Preliminary contacts with employees and management in of target firms selected for his studies in the summer of 2002. †¢ Actual interviews took place in Fall 2002. †¢ Designing of research project. †¢ Gaining access to the worksites†¢ Process of actual interviews. Preparation for Field Work In order to become familiar with the environment of his research, Brown became an insider of the work stations. Brown used his membership of the Safety Committee in his university, and participated actively in its programs in order to gain first hand information on the philosophy underlying the Safety Committee operations. Moreover, in order to have a comprehensive knowledge of the safety operations in his university, he sought and obtained permission to attend meetings of those safety subcommittees in which he was not a member.Furthermore, brown received training conducted by the State of Oregon in safety committee operations. By his own admission, Brown’s experiences as a member and active participant in safety committee meetings strongly influenced his research design and the process of conducting interviews with his subjects. The oral questions put to his subjects were structured along the lines of his experience as a participant rather than an outsider. Being an insider conferred on him certain advantages which he utilized in preparation of his research protocols.Brown was able to ask questions which were directed at specific areas of operation of the safety councils; which an outsider might not be privy to. Brown also gained leverage on his subjects by being knowledgeable about their schedule of duties. More so, Brown’s membership of a university committee whose functions are similar to those of the subjects of his enquiry influenced his tailoring his questions to more specific subject matters which an outsider will not be aware of. Brown’s research protocols were gleaned from Richard Freeman and Joel Rogers book with the title: ‘What Workers want’ which was published in 1999.Furthermore, Brown had gained prior and valuable hands-on experience of the workings of the industries in which he was to later conduct his qualitative research. After choosing two very different industries in which he wanted to conduct his research, Brown set out to get a working knowledge of these industries. He relied heavily on authoritative publications of the Oregon State Occupational Safety and Safety Administration for first hand information on the industries of his choice. These publications complemented his own practical experience in one of the industries; while filling the gaps in his knowledge of the other.With these preparations, Brown was thus able to formulate intelligent questions for his target interviewees. Brown acknowledged the obvious fact that an outsider cannot know as much about a factory as those who work in the place. As an icing on his cake, the Oregon Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) assisted Brown to select target factories relevant to his research. Visits to Target Factories Brown approached his target audience in three stages. He first made preliminary visits to the factories in order to get himself familiar with the people and places where he was to conduct his research.His initial visit to each of the two factories afforded Brown the opportunity to conduct background checks on the facilities avail able in the factories. Some of the background information he had earlier obtained from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration website came in handy during his preliminary visits. From OSHA website he had obtain vital statistics about each factory. These included the number of employees in each factory, products manufactured, and the mission statement of each organization on their safety and health programs. The next stage of his approach was to make a preparatory visit to each factory.He was able to obtain a tour of each factory. He also used the opportunity of the preparatory visit to collect in-house documents which came in handy to him while preparing his research protocols. These documents included minutes of committee meetings, training materials, and other records germane to his investigations. Brown’s subsequent visits represented the third and last phase of his plan. This was the stage at which he conducted open-ended interviews to representatives of both m anagement and labor in the premises of the two factories earlier chosen. Equal numbers of representatives of labor and management were interviewed.The interviews were conducted in private. The identities of those interviewed were kept confidential as per university policies on such matters. After explaining the purpose of the research project to the subjects, their written consent was individually obtained before the interview started. Since his project was targeted at the safety policies and practices in the selected factories, only members of the safety committees were interviewed. The interviews which were conducted in a free and friendly manner, employed the ‘active interview’ format designed by Holstein and Gubrium.(Holstein and Gubrium, 1995). In this interview approach, subjects were asked questions which had been prepared in form of a protocol. At the onset, subjects were asked general questions pertaining to their working experiences at the factory. Subjects we re also asked questions of personal interest to the respondents with respect to the issue central to the research This phase formed the preliminary stage as formulated by Holstein and Gubrium. The next set of questions centered on the perception of the respondents regarding the effectiveness of the program of the committee in which they were members.The subjects were asked of the perception of their fellow workers on their election or selection into the committee. This formed the overview question stage of the interview. The next stage of the interview centered on training. The respondents were asked to assess the depth and relevance of the training which they received towards performance of their duties as committee members. Questions on the perceived quality of the content of their training, the methods of dissemination of information and the net change effect of the training on the participants, concluded the set of questions on training.The next set of questions for the subjects , centered on the meetings of the committee. Subjects were asked to analyze the interpersonal relations among members of the committee, the atmosphere of the meetings; the procedures adopted during the meetings and the dissemination of information to members before and after each meeting. The last set of specific questions put to the subjects was on the authority granted the committee by management, and the influence of the committee on management.They were questioned on how they communicated the decisions arrived at their meetings to management, and the effect of their recommendations on management policies. Subjects were also asked to give their views on the industrial atmosphere of their work place, and specifically on the labor and management relations; whether they were cordial, or if there were unresolved issues dividing the two parties. Finally, subjects were asked whether they felt a sense of power by their membership of the committee. Evaluation of Brown’s Qualitativ e Research MethodologyThe methodologies applied by Brown in his dissertation are identifiable and well structured. They follow the pattern of a well organized qualitative research project. Preliminary work was done in two main areas. Relevant literature was searched and the context applied as and when necessary, as per specifications in the original publication. For example, the method of interview was patterned after the universally accepted standard procedure of Holstein and Gubrium termed:†Active Interviews† (Holstein and Gubrium,1995).The use of ‘Active Interviews’ by Brown was appropriate to the qualitative research design in his case study. A lot of preliminary work was done by Brown, in order to identify firms at which to carry out his research study. Background studies were first carried out on these companies. Where the researcher felt that he had insufficient experience and inadequate knowledge and information, necessary recourse was made to author itative state government publications on the subject of his research. Initial visits to the premises of the firms under study, were made by Brown.He got himself familiarized with both the staff and the environment of the factories where he planned to administer his qualitative research protocol. Those initial visits afforded him the opportunity to interact with representatives of both labor and management. The visits also afforded him the chance to obtain their consent and cooperation. Brown prepared his interview protocols in two similar sets, one for employees and the other for managements of the firms under study. The research protocols were well structured in such a way as to first put general questions to his subjects.From the responses elicited from the respondents, more specific questions relevant to the subject matter of the study were then put to the subjects. This pattern of questioning is in line with the Holstein and Gubium process of ‘active interviews’. Ma ximillian Brown’s success in putting his subjects at ease at this initial stage, helped him to take the interview to a less formal and friendlier conversational atmosphere. Subsequent pieces of information obtained from the respondents were then given freely and honestly without pressure. Brown’s approach evidently made for more reliable and truthful answers to the interviewer’s questions.With the active cooperation of the subjects, Brown was able to plumb the depths of the activities of the safety committees under study, to arrive at a more reliable assessment of their functions, and the perceptions of members of the committee on the relevance and importance of their work on the committee. Limitations and Weaknesses of Brown’s Qualitative Research Methodology By his own admission, Brown recognized that there are some obvious limitations and weaknesses in the methodology he employed in the qualitative research for his dissertation.Three of these weaknesse s, Brown identified as follows: Problems of trust, accuracy in record keeping, and validity of subjects responses. Unless the interviewer is able to scale the wall of distrust erected between him and his subject during the interview, the information gathered from the respondent will be suspect. According to McCracken, lack of trust between interviewer and respondent will restrict the interview to a mere formality. â€Å"The intimacy required for the two parties to move from formal to informal conversational style will be inhibited.†(McCracken,1988). Hence the first objective of an interviewer is to gain the trust of the interviewee. Right from the onset, the interviewer needs to establish a friendly rapport with his subjects even before the interview is scheduled. Brown admitted his lack of familiarity with his subjects, which made some of them to give curt and perfunctory replies to his questions. Secondly, Brown’s inability to import a reliable means of recording his interviews made his transcripts of such interviews less than accurate.The third problem of validity of his subjects’ responses, Brown admits to be his most difficult. There is no easy solution to the issue of whether a respondent is truthful, except perhaps to administer a lie-detector test to each respondent before the interview, as a method of pre screening all participants. Applications of Brown’s Qualitative Research Methodology The research methodology of ‘active interviews’ adopted by Brown in his dissertation generated valuable in formation on the social interactions within an industrial environment.In spite of its limitations and shortcomings, Brown’s qualitative research methodology provides a suitable and reliable template on which further research study can be undertaken to obtain knowledge of the interpersonal relationships within an industrial workplace. By using modern information technological innovations like teleconferencing and re mote control recording devices, greater objectivity can be introduced into Brown’s qualitative research methodology. (Harris,1995).Overall, the methodology employed in Maximillian Brown’s dissertation can be validly adopted in qualitative research studies for dissertations and other quality academic publications. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Blackler, F. H. M. , Brown, C. A. (1983), Qualitative Research and Paradigms of Practice, Journal of Management Studies, 20(3), 349-366. 2. Crawford, A. P. (2006). Putting money into research pays: How companies — large and small — benefit from research plans, Public Relations Tactics, 13(8), 20-20 3. Dale, L. (2004). Partnering with management to implement ergonomics in the industrial, Work, 22(2), 117-124. 4. Freeman, Richard B., and Joel Rogers. 1999. What Workers Want. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. French, Carroll E. 1923. â€Å"The Shop Committee in the United States. † Johns HopkinsUniversity Studies in Histor y and Political Science. 41: 107-207. 5. Harris, L. M. , (1995), Business-to-business comes of age in qualitative research, Marketing News, 29(12), 17-17 6. Hignett, S. , Wilson, R. (2004), The role for qualitative methodology in ergonomics: a case study to explore theoretical issues, Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 5(6), 473-493 7. Holstein, James A. , and Jaber F. Gubrium. 1995. The Active Interview. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications8. Karami, A. , Rowley, J. , Analoui, F. (2006), Research and Knowledge Building in Management Studies: An Analysis of Methodological Preferences, International Journal of Management, 23(1), 436-52. 9. McCracken, Grant. 1988. The Long Interview. Newbury Park,CA: SAGE Publications. 10. McPhee, N. (2002). Gaining insight on business and organisational behaviour: the qualitative dimension, International Journal of Market Research, 44(1), 53-70. 11. Russell, F. (2000). Dangerous intersections, Marketing News, 34(5), 18-18. 12. Yates, J. (1993) , The Opportunity of Qualitative Research, Journal of Business Communication, 30(2), 1999-200

Global Population And Climate Change - 1536 Words

Former American particle physicist and former Nobel Prize winner Henry Way Kendall once said, â€Å"If we do not voluntarily bring population growth under control in the next one or two decades, nature will do it for us in the most brutal way, whether we like it or not† (â€Å"Population Quotes†). This is especially evident in the previous two units of study on population and climate change where I have learned about a variety of global population trends and how climate change has had a notable effect on the planet. There are currently four main trends that have emerged from the current climate and population changes: migration, declining fertility rates, aging and declining population and urbanization (MacPhail). Migration is the movement of people from one place to another and it happens for a variety of reasons (â€Å"Migration Trends†). 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